This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of the thermal performance
of a photovoltaic (PV) panel (BP 585F m-Si PV) under the influence of multiple
atmospheric and engineering variables using ANSYS Fluent simulations. The analysis
included five main parameters: wind speed (0.1–5 m‧s
-1
), solar irradiance (250–1000 W‧m
–
2
75°). The results revealed a complex interaction between these factors that determined the
), ambient temperature (20–35 ℃), relative humidity (0–75%), and PV panel tilt angle (0–
thermal behaviour of panels. Wind speed analysis showed a nonlinear inverse relationship,
with the transition from natural to forced convection resulting in a 13 ℃ temperature
decrease, reflecting an estimated 5.85% improvement in electrical efficiency. Solar
irradiance intensity analysis confirmed its dominant effect as the primary convective
driver, with an increase from 500 to 1000 W.m
-2
resulting in a nonlinear temperature
increase of 24 °C, with the highest value (73 ℃) recorded under natural convection
conditions. The ambient temperature showed a near-linear relationship, with an increase
from 20 to 35 ℃ increasing the photovoltaic panel operating temperature by 13 ℃,
highlighting the increased cooling challenge in hot climates. Relative humidity analysis
showed an inverse relationship with PV panel temperature, with humid air (75%) resulting
in a 6 ℃ decrease compared to dry air (0%). This is attributed to the improved
thermophysical properties (specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity) of the humid
air. Finally, the tilt angle analysis revealed a strong inverse relationship, where increasing
the PV panel tilt from horizontal (0°) to near-vertical (75°) resulted in a dramatic thermal
reduction of 19 ℃, equivalent to an efficiency improvement of approximately 8.55%. This
was attributed to improved fluid dynamics, as steeper angles disrupted the thermal
boundary layer stability and promoted natural convection and turbulence.
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